ASM Occasional Electronic Papers No. 1: Homol'ovi IV

Chapter Eight:
Ceramics, cont.

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Cibola White Ware

Cibola White Ware was recognized early and, probably because of its wide distribution throughout a good portion of the Southwest, has been extensively studied. Goetze and Mills (1993) and Mills and Herr (1999) provide descriptions of this ware and its types.

Cibola White Ware is distinguished from other white wares based on the combination of white to light gray paste, sherd temper (in later types), and black mineral paint. Surface treatment includes polishing, and a thin white slip is sometimes present. At Homol'ovi IV nearly 78% of the Cibola White Ware sherds were classified as jars, 18 % as bowls and less than 2% as ladles (see Table 8.8).

As is typical of the white wares, types within the sequence are distinguished primarily on stylistic criteria. A diagnostic element of Red Mesa Black-on-white is pendant dots, especially on triangular solids. Puerco Black-on-white consists of solid elements framed by widely spaced lines of parallel hatchure. Escavada Black-on-white consists of broad, bold, often serrated lines (equivalent to Sosi Black-on-white, see above). Snowflake Black-on-white is characterized by stepped elements. Reserve and Tularosa Black-on-white are characterized by circular scrolls which oppose solid and obliquely hatchured elements; Tularosa is distinguished by hatchures that include finer lines closer together.

Cibola White Ware makes up 2.61 % of the total ceramic assemblage (see Table 8.1). Snowflake Black-on-white is the predominate type with Puerco, Reserve, and Tularosa Black-on-white each present at about half the frequency (Table 8.12).

Table  8.12 Frequency of Cibola White Ware types

Type	Frequency	Percent
Indeterminate	315	72.08
Red Mesa Black-on-white	1	0.23
Puerco Black-on-white	26	5.95
Escavada Black-on-white	7	1.60
Snowflake Black-on-white	48	10.98
Reserve Black-on-white	18	4.12
Tularosa Black-on-white	17	3.89
Pinedale Black-on-white	5	1.14
TOTAL	437	100.00

White Mountain Red Ware

Although early descriptions of White Mountain Red Ware were made by Colton (1956), this ware was more extensively studied by Carlson (1970). This ware originates to the south and east of the Homol'ovi sites, in and around the Silver Creek drainage of the upper Little Colorado River.

This ware is easily distinguished from red-slipped Jeddito Yellow Ware types such as Kokop Black-on-orange, red slipped Winslow Orange Ware, and Tsegi Orange Ware types by the thickness and deep red color of the slip (Figure 8.11). In addition, the paste color is distinctive, varying from white to gray. The temper is primarily sherd, although quartz sand can be present. Black mineral paint distinguishes this from the Roosevelt Red Wares, which use an organic paint. Polishing marks are often visible. At Homol'ovi IV, sherds of this ware are overwhelmingly bowls (Table 8.13).

Figure 8.11 Pinedale polychrome, Pinto polychrome, Jeddito black on yellow, and miscellaneous White Mountain red ware

Table 8.13 Decorated Red Ware and Unknown Ware by Form

Ware	Vessel Form	Frequency	Percent
White Mountain Red	Jar	2	2.74
	Bowl	71	97.26
	Subtotal	73	100.00
Roosevelt Red (Salado Red)	Jar	1	2.63
	Bowl	36	94.74
	Indeterminate	1	2.63
	Subtotal	38	100.00
Unknown Decorated	Jar	15	13.76
	Bowl	74	67.89
	Ladle	4	3.67
	Indeterminate	16	14.68
	Subtotal	109	100.00
	TOTAL	220	100.00

Types within this ware are distinguished both by the way black and white paints are used, and by design styles. St. Johns Black-on-red/Polychrome and Wingate Black-on-red/Polychrome are both typified by the presence of opposed solid and oblique hatchured elements. In whole vessels, St. Johns has larger solid than hatchured areas and Wingate has larger hatchured than solid areas, a criteria that is obviously subjective in the sherd form. The polychrome varieties of these types can be distinguished by the presence of white or red bands on the exterior of Wingate, and the use of thick white lines on the exterior of St. Johns. Pinedale Black-on-red or Polychrome is distinguished by a subglaze paint.

This ware makes up only a small proportion of this assemblage (see Table 8.1) with Wingate Black-on-red/Polychrome and St. Johns Black-on-red/Polychrome being the most prevalent types (Table 8.14). Only a single sherd of Pinedale Polychrome was recovered from Homol'ovi IV. At present, Pinedale Polychrome is dated as beginning about 1290.

Table  8.14 Frequency of White Mountain Red Ware types

Type	Frequency	Percent
Indeterminate	40	54.79
St. Johns Black-on-red, Polychrome	11	15.07
Pinedale Black-on-red, Polychrome	1	1.37
Wingate Black-on-red, Polychrome	21	28.77
TOTAL	73	100.00

Roosevelt Red Ware

Roosevelt Red Ware has been the focus of much research by Crown, culminating in a book (1994). Recently, Lyons (2001, 2003) has expanded on Crown's important study. Chemical data suggests that there were a variety of production centers throughout the Southwest.

This ware is distinguished from White Mountain Red Ware and other red-slipped orange wares (Tsegi and Winslow Orange Ware and Jeddito Yellow Ware types) by the polished brick red to raspberry red slip in addition to the use of a cream salmon colored "white" paint/slip. In addition, Roosevelt Red Ware is distinguished from the other wares through the use of black organic paint. Paste color varies from gray to brown, and temper can include sherd or crushed rock with varying amounts of sand. At Homol'ovi IV, forms of Roosevelt Red Ware are 95 % jars (see Table 8.13).

Types within Roosevelt Red Ware are distinguished by the combination of colors used and by stylistic traits. Pinto Polychrome is usually associated with bowl forms and has a red exterior and white interior with black designs, although red can sometimes be incorporated into interior designs. The use of a framing line below the interior bowl rim is not present in this type. Gila Polychrome is also usually found in the bowl form with a red exterior and a white interior with black paint. Red is not incorporated into the interior of Gila bowls, and a framing line is present. Tonto Polychrome is usually found in jar forms, and red is incorporated into the white and black designs.

At Homol'ovi IV, Roosevelt Red Ware was rare and comprised 0.23 % of the total assemblage (see Table 8.1). Small quantities of Pinto and Gila/Tonto Polychromes were present (Table 8.15).

Table  8.15 Frequency of Roosevelt Red Ware types

Type	Frequency	Percent
Indeterminate	23	60.53
Pinto Polychrome	9	23.68
Gila/Tonto Polychrome	6	15.79
TOTAL	38	100.00

Unknown Decorated Ware

One hundred and nine decorated sherds were not able to be identified to ware. The majority of these sherds were burned and the temper could not be identified (Table 8.16). Forms are 68 % bowls, 14 % jars, and 4 % ladles (see Table 8.13).

Table  8.16 Frequency of Unknown Decorated by Temper

Type	Temper	Frequency	Percent
Unknown Decorated	Indeterminant	4	3.67
	Fine quartz sand	3	2.75
	Coarse quartz sand	4	3.67
	Subtotal	11	100.00
Unknown Burned Decorated	Indeterminant	97	88.99
	Sherd dominate	1	0.92
	Subtotal	98	100.00
	TOTAL	109	100.00

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