ASM Occasional Electronic Papers No. 1: Homol'ovi IV

Chapter Eight:
Ceramics, cont.

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Descriptions of Wares and Types

Decorated Wares

Nine decorated wares comprise nearly 38 % of the entire assemblage. The most common ware is Winslow Orange Ware at 48 % of the decorated assemblage. Tsegi Orange and Tusayan White Ware constitute 18% and 14% respectively of the decorated assemblage while Cibola White Ware comprises 7%. Jeddito Yellow Ware, Little Colorado White Ware, White Mountain Red Ware, and Roosevelt Red Ware (Salado Red) each comprise less than 3 % of the assemblage.

As was mentioned, roughly 75 % of the sherds analyzed were from jars, and 25 % were from bowls. Proportions of forms vary among decorated wares. Although the white wares generally have proportions of jars and bowls similar to the overall site pattern, orange and red wares are predominately bowls. A description of each decorated ware follows (Table 8.3).

Table 8.3 Frequency of Decorated Wares

Ware	Frequency	Percent
Winslow Orange	3044	48.29
Tsegi Orange	1146	18.18
Jeddito Yellow	157	2.49
Hopi White	235	3.73
Tusayan White	903	14.33
Little Colorado White	161	2.55
Cibola White	437	6.93
White Mountain Red	73	1.16
Roosevelt Red (Salado Red)	38	0.60
Unknown Decorated	109	1.73
TOTAL	6303	100.0

Winslow Orange Ware

Hays-Gilpin et al. (1996:55) propose the manufacture and distribution of Winslow Orange Ware throughout the Middle Little Colorado River region "between the Hopi and Salado heartlands." Colton (1956) classified Winslow Orange Ware and his system is still used. More recently Hays (1991), Hays-Gilpin et al. (1996) and Lyons and Hays-Gilpin (2001) have provided more detailed descriptions of types within Winslow Orange Ware.

Winslow Orange Ware is often a distinctive orange color, but the series Chavez Pass is red due to the application of a red slip and the Black Ax Series is red due to the use of a red firing clay (Lyons and Hays-Gilpin 2001). Winslow Black-on-white is a purposefully reduced variation of Tuwiuca Black-on-orange based on oxidation studies. Winslow Orange Ware paste is coarse and has a crumbling fracture (Figure 8.4).

Figure 8.4 Tuwiuca black on orange, sand temper

Table  8.4 Decorated Orange and Yellow Ware by Form

Ware	Vessel Form	Frequency	Percent
Winslow Orange	Jar	618	20.30
	Bowl	2231	73.29
	Ladle	95	3.12
	Other	4	0.13
	Indeterminate	96	3.15
	Subtotal	3044	100.00
Tsegi Orange	Jar	191	16.67
	Bowl	901	78.62
	Ladle	20	1.75
	Indeterminate	34	2.97
	Subtotal	1146	100.00
Jeddito Yellow	Jar	49	31.21
	Bowl	92	58.60
	Ladle	7	4.46
	Indeterminate	9	5.73
	Subtotal	157	100.00

Like Tsegi Orange Ware, Winslow Orange Ware often contains sherd temper, however, it is distinguished from Tsegi Orange Ware by colored sand temper (Figure 8.5). Perhaps 10 sherds at Homol'ovi IV also contained black volcanic rock. Petrographic studies indicate that mineral inclusions in the more typical colored sand tempered Winslow Orange Ware are derived from local materials (Hays-Gilpin et al. 1996:57, Lyons and Hays-Gilpin 2001).

Figure 8.5 Tuwiuca black on orange, sand and sherd temper

Table  8.5 Frequency of Winslow Orange Ware Types

Type	Frequency	Percent
Indeterminate	36	1.18
Tuwiuca Orange	434	14.26
Tuwiuca Black-on-orange	2213	72.70
Homol’ovi Polychrome	67	2.20
Chavez Pass Red	29	0.95
Chavez Pass Black-on-red	198	6.50
Chavez Pass Polychrome	26	0.85
Black Ax Red	7	0.23
Homol’ovi Black-on-red	9	0.30
Black Ax Polychrome	1	0.03
Winslow White	24	0.79
TOTAL	3044	100.00

Winslow Orange Ware is painted with black mineral paint, and polychrome varieties have a white paint that is often very faint. Surface treatment can include polishing and slipping, however, temper is usually visible on the surface of the sherds. At Homol'ovi IV, 73 % of Winslow Orange Ware sherds are bowls, 20 % are jars, and 3% are ladles (Table 8.4).

Winslow Orange Ware comprises nearly 18.2 % of the entire assemblage. All Winslow Orange Ware types are present at Homol'ovi IV, although the Black Ax series is represented by exceedingly small numbers (Table 8.5).

At 13% of the total assemblage, Tuwiuca Black-on-orange is the most prevalent decorated type at Homol'ovi IV. Winslow Orange Ware is also the most common decorated ware at Homol'ovi III (Lyons and Hays-Gilpin 2001) and is the second most common decorated ware at Homol'ovi II (Hays 1991:20).

Tsegi Orange Ware

This ware was described by Colton (1956) and more recently by Ambler (1985) and Goetze and Mills (1993). Tsegi Orange Ware originates north of Homol'ovi and is associated with the Kayenta Anasazi (Hays 1991:28). The Jeddito series of Tsegi Orange Ware is more specifically associated with the Hopi Mesas and was manufactured there (Lyons 2001, Lyons and Hays-Gilpin 2001:157).

The paste of Tsegi Orange Ware is distinctively orange and, unlike Winslow Orange Ware paste, color is less variable. In general the paste of Tsegi Orange Ware has a finer texture and a harder fracture that Winslow Orange Ware. Within Tsegi Orange Ware, the Jeddito series is distinct from the Tsegi series as it has an even finer paste and harder fracture; this may relate to coal firing of the Jeddito series (Hays 1991:28). In addition, carbon cores are absent from the Jeddito series.

Tsegi Orange Ware contains crushed sherd temper as the dominant temper type in contrast to Winslow Orange Ware where it is sparse. Tsegi Orange Ware also contains small amounts of fine quartz sand rather than the colored sand.

Paint includes black mineral paint, white paint (polychrome varieties), and red slip. Although surface treatment includes a higher polish than Winslow Orange Wares, temper is often still evident on the surface of the sherd. Similar to Winslow Orange Ware, Tsegi Orange Ware sherds at Homol'ovi IV are composed of approximately 79% bowls and roughly 17 % jars (see Table 8.4). Ladles are about 2 % of the assemblage.

Although the Tsegi and Jeddito series within the Tsegi Orange Ware can be distinguished based on the fineness of paste and the hardness of fracture, there are stylistic criteria, which distinguish other types within Tsegi Orange Ware.

Kiet Siel Polychrome has a red slip on the jar or bowl exterior, and a black and white design on the bowl interior (Goetze and Mills 1993:73-76). Red slipped Medicine Black-on-red typically has large black solid elements and broad lines. Tusayan Black-on-red is red slipped with black hatched elements. Tusayan Polychrome A has a broad red band outlined in black (no hatchure), with a band of red slip on the exterior surface. Tusayan Polychrome B has black hatchures on broad red bands, and exterior bands of red slip.

The Jeddito series is easily distinguished by always having a black subrim banding line and being rarly slipped. Vessel layouts, therefore, are bounded by an interior framing line which is usually absent from Tsegi series (Lyons 2003) (Figure 8.8).

Tsegi Orange Ware at Homol'ovi IV comprises 6.85 % of the entire assemblage (see Table 8.1). Types at Homol'ovi IV include 53 (4.6 %) sherds from the Tsegi series, and 1056 (92.2 %) from the Jeddito series (Table 8.6).

Table  8.6  Frequency of Tsegi Orange Ware by Type

Type	Frequency	Percent
Indeterminate	37	3.23
Tsegi Orange	4	0.35
Tsegi Black-on-orange	7	0.61
Tsegi Polychrome	6	0.52
Jeddito Orange	122	10.65
Jeddito Black-on-orange	806	70.33
Jeddito Polychrome	59	5.15
Jeddito Slipped	69	6.02
Kiet Siel Polychrome	10	0.87
Medicine Black-on-red	9	0.79
Tusayan Black-on-red	7	0.61
Tusayan Polychrome A	7	0.61
Tusayan Polychrome B	3	0.26
TOTAL	1146	100.00

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